Definitions by Wikipedia
The Republican Party, also commonly called the GOP (for “Grand Old Party“), is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, the other being the Democratic Party. Founded by anti-slavery activists in 1854, it dominated politics nationally for most of the period from 1860 to 1932. There have been 18 Republican presidents, the first being Abraham Lincoln, serving from 1861 to 1865, and the most recent being George W. Bush, serving from 2001 to 2009. The most recent Republican presidential nominee was former Massachusetts Governor Mitt Romney.
Currently the party’s platform is generally based upon American conservatism,[1][2][3] in contrast to the Democratic Party, whose members endorse more liberal policies. American conservatism of the Republican Party is not wholly based upon rejection of the political ideology of liberalism; some principles of American conservatism are based upon classical liberalism.[4] Rather, the Republican Party’s conservatism is largely based upon its support of classical principles against the modern liberalism of the Democratic Party that is considered American liberalism in contemporary American political discourse.[4]
In the 113th Congress, elected in 2012, the Republican Party holds a majority of seats in the United States House of Representatives and a minority of seats in the United States Senate. The party currently holds the majority of governorships as well as the majority of state legislatures.
Historian Gregory Schneider identifies several constants in American conservatism: respect for tradition, support of republicanism, “the rule of law and the Christian religion“, and a defense of “Western civilization from the challenges of modernist culture and totalitarian governments”.[1]
While the conservative tradition has played a major role in American politics and culture since the American Revolution, the organized conservative movement has played a key role in politics only since the 1950s, especially among Republicans and Southern Democrats.[2] The history of American conservatism has been marked by tensions and competing ideologies. Fiscal conservatives and libertarians favor small government, low taxes, limited regulation, and free enterprise. Social conservatives see traditional social values as threatened by secularism; they tend to support school prayer and capital punishment and oppose abortion and the legalization of same-sex marriage.[3] Neoconservatives want to expand American ideals throughout the world and show a strong support for Israel.[4] Paleoconservatives advocate restrictions on immigration, non-interventionist foreign policy, and stand in opposition to multiculturalism.[5] Most conservatives prefer Republicans over Democrats, and most factions support strong foreign policy, military, and support for Israel. The conservative movement of the 1950s attempted to bring together these divergent strands, stressing the need for unity to prevent the spread of “Godless Communism”.[6]
William F. Buckley Jr., in the first issue of his magazine National Review in 1955, defined the beliefs of American conservatives:[7]
Among our convictions:It is the job of centralized government (in peacetime) to protect its citizens’ lives, liberty and property. All other activities of government tend to diminish freedom and hamper progress. The growth of government (the dominant social feature of this century) must be fought relentlessly. In this great social conflict of the era, we are, without reservations, on the libertarian side.The profound crisis of our era is, in essence, the conflict between the Social Engineers, who seek to adjust mankind to conform with scientific utopias, and the disciples of Truth, who defend the organic moral order. We believe that truth is neither arrived at nor illuminated by monitoring election results, binding though these are for other purposes, but by other means, including a study of human experience. On this point we are, without reservations, on the conservative side.
Russell Kirk, conservative pundit
In the 1980s President Ronald Reagan solidified conservative Republican strength with tax cuts, a greatly increased US military budget, deregulation, a policy of rolling back Communism (rather than just containing it), and appeals to family values and conservative Christian morality. The 1980s and beyond became known as the “Reagan Era“.[8] Typically, conservative politicians and spokesmen in the 21st century proclaim their devotion to Reagan’s ideals and policies on most social, economic and foreign policy issues. Conservative voters typically oppose abortion, gun control, and gay marriage.[9][10]
Other modern conservative beliefs include opposition to a world government (a view shared with many anti-globalists on the political left), skepticism about the importance or validity of certain environmental issues,[11] the importance of self-reliance instead of reliance on the government to solve problems, support for the state of Israel,[12] support for prayer in the public schools,[13][14] opposition to gun control,[15] opposition to embryonic stem cell research, support for a strong Law and Order policy, strict enforcement of the law, and long jail terms for repeat offenders.[16] From 2001 to 2008 Republican President George W. Bush stressed cutting taxes and minimizing regulation of industry and banking, while increasing regulation of education.[17] Conservatives generally advocate the use of American military power to fight terrorists, promote democracy, and support Israel.[18]
According to a May 24, 2013 poll, 41% of American voters identify their economic views as “conservative” or “very conservative,” 37% as “moderate”, 19% as “liberal” or “very liberal”; 35% describe their social views as “conservative” or “very conservative,” 32% as “moderate”, and 30% as “liberal” or “very liberal.” [19] These percentages were fairly constant from 1990 to 2009,[20] when conservatism spiked in popularity briefly[21] before reverting to the original trend while liberal views on social issues reached a new high.
Conservatism appears to be growing stronger at the state level. The trend is most pronounced among the “least well-off, least educated, most blue collar, most economically hard-hit states”.[22][23]
The meaning of “conservatism” in America has little in common with the way the word is used elsewhere. As Ribuffo (2011) notes, “what Americans now call conservatism much of the world calls liberalism or neoliberalism.”[24] Since the 1950s conservatism in the United States has been chiefly associated with the Republican Party. However, during the era of segregation many Southern Democrats were conservatives, and they played a central role in the Conservative Coalition that largely controlled domestic legislation in Congress from 1937 to 1963.[25]
